1. PRONOUNS
A.
Pengertian
Pronoun atau kata ganti adalah kata-kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan
orang atau benda. Ada 5 jenis kata ganti orang, yaitu yang berfungsi sebagai
subject (Subject Pronouns), sebagai object (object pronoun), sebagai adjective
(possessive adjectives), untuk menyatakan kepunyaan (possessive pronouns), dan
untuk menyatakan refleksi diri (reflexive atau reciprocal pronouns). Pronoun
umumnya menggantikan posisi noun yaitu sebagai subject, object ataupun
complement.
B.
Fungsi
Fungsi pronoun:
untuk menyebut sesuatu atau sesorang sebagai ganti kata benda yang sudah
disebut dalam kalimat sebelumnya atau si pembicara dan pendengar sudah
sama-sama mengetahui benda mana yang dimaksud. Bila tidak ada pronounkita
harus mengulang kata atau frase benda berkali-kali
C. Macam-macam
Pronoun
1. Personal Pronoun (kata ganti orang)
Personal pronoun adalah kata ganti
yang menunjukkan pada orang atau penamaan. Kata ganti orang ini digunakan
sebagai subjek dan objek. Tabel di bawah ini menyenaraikan penggunaan tersebut.
Subjek
|
Objek
|
Arti
|
I
You
She
He
It
We
They
|
Me
You
Her
Him
It
Us
Them
|
Saya, aku
Kamu,
Anda, kalian
Dia
(perempuan)
Dia
(laki-laki)
Dia, itu,
-nya
Kita, kami
Mereka
|
Ex:
· Three days ago I met Ariel.
Yesterday I met him again. (Tiga hari yang lalu saya bertemu
Ariel. Kemarin saya bertemu dia lagi).
· My sister bought a new handphone. She loves it very
much. (Saudara perempuan saya membeli sebuah handphone baru. Dia sangat
menyukainya).
· Sule borrowed three books from
the library. He must return them in two days. (Sule meminjam
tiga buku dari perpustakaan. Dia harus mengembalikannya dalam dua hari).
2. Possessive Pronoun (kata ganti milik)
Possessive pronoun adalah kata yang
menunjukkan kepemilikan. Ada dua bentuk possessive pronoun yaitu dependent
(ditempatkan sebelum suatu kata benda) dan independent (ditempatkan setelah
suatu kata kerja). Untuk lebih jelasnya, silakan Anda lihat tabel di bawah ini.
Dependent
|
Independent
|
My
Your
His
Her
Its
Our
Their
|
Mine
Your
His
Hers
Its
Ours
Theirs
|
Ex:
-This is my
book. The book is mine. (Ini buku saya. Buku ini punya saya)
-This house
is theirs. (Rumah ini milik mereka.)
-This is
your pencil and those are hers. (Ini pensilmu dan itu punya dia).
3. Reflexive Pronoun
Reflexive
pronoun adalah kata ganti yang menunjuk kegiatan untuk pelaku sendiri dalam
kalimat bersangkutan, atau memberi penekanan pada unsur subjek atau objek. Kata
ganti ini mendapat akhiran –self untuk bentuk tunggal, dan akhiran –selves
untuk bentuk jamak.
Perhatikan tabel di bawah ini.
Reflexive Pronoun
|
Arti
|
Myself
Yourself/yourselves
Themselves
Ourselves
Himself
Herself
Itself
|
Saya
sendiri
Kamu
sendiri/kalian sendiri
Mereka
sendiri
Kami
sendiri
Dia
sendiri (laki-laki)
Dia
sendiri (perempuan)
Dia
sendiri (benda atau binatang)
|
Ex:
· She laughed at herself. (Dia
menertawakan dirinya sendiri)
· He himself drives to school. (Dia
sendiri yang menyetir ke sekolah).
· I myself open the door. (Saya
sendiri yang membuka pintu itu).
· My father cooked this meal himself.
(Ayah saya memasak makanannya sendiri).
2. INFINITIVES PHRASES
A.
Pengertian
Infinitives adalah bentuk dasar dari verbs. Dalam bahasa inggris,
penulisan infinitives biasanya diawali dengan “to”. Misalnya
: to read, to walk, to give, dan seterusnya.
Beberapa
verb (kata kerja) lazim yang dapat diikuti oleh “infinitives” adalah sebagai
berikut:
“hope
to, plan to, advise to, command to, compel to, encourage to, intend to,
decide to, promise to, agree to, offer to, refuse to, seem to, appear to,
pretend to, ask to, expect to, would like to, want to, need to, forbid to,
force to, beg to, instruct to, invite to, order to, etc”.
B.
Penggunaan dari Infinitives :
1. Setelah
be (is, am, are, was, were) untuk menyatakan keharusan.
Ex : The
students are to do the school assignment.
2. Sebagai
subject
Ex :
To study hard makes us clever. ETC
C. INFINITIVE + VERB
RUMUS
: Subject + Verb + to infinitive
Ex:
- He refused
to go.
- I expect
to pass the test.
- I hope
to see you again. (Saya berharap bertemu kamu lagi)
- The
driver was ordered to stop. (Pengemudi itu diperintahkan untuk
berhenti)
- We’re
going out for dinner. Would you like to join us?
D. ADJECTIVE
+ INFINITIVES
Adjective adalah suatu kata sifat yang digunakan untuk
menerangkan noun atau pronoun yang dapat berupa: person (orang), place
(tempat), animal (binatang), maupun thing (benda).
Jenis –
jenis adjective :
1. Adjective
position
2. Adjective
order
3. Adjective
degree
4. Adjective
clause
RUMUS :
(kalimat) +
Adjective + to infinitive
Ex : English
is easy to learn
3. AFFIRMATIVE & NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
A.
Pengertian
Sebenarnya kata so, too, dan also mempunyai arti yang sama
yaitu juga, pula, pun. Tapi dalam penggunaannya terdapat
perbedaan, sodigunakan sebelum tobe(s) dan auxilliaries(kata
bantu).
Example:
1. My wife
will talk to him and so will I
2. My wife
has talked about it, and so have I
3. My wife
talked about it, and so did I
4. My wife
is talking about it, and so am I
Sedangkan too
dan also digunakan setelah tobe(s) dan auxilliaries.
Example:
1. My wife
will talk to him and I will too
2. My wife
has talked about it, and I have too
3. My wife
talked about it, and I did also
4. My wife
is talking about it, and I am also
When indicating that one person or thing does something and then adding that
another does the same, use the word “so” or “too”. To avoid needless repetition
of words from the affirmative statement, use the conjunction “and”, followed by
a simple statement using so or too. The order of this statement will depend on
whether so or too is used.
Ex:
Ex:
1.When a
form of the verb be is used in the main clause, the same tense of verb be is
used in the simple statement that follows.
Affirmative
statement (be) + and + [ S + verb (be) + too]
Example: I
am happy and you are too.
Affirmative
statement (be) + and + [ so + verb (be) + S ]
Example: I am happy and so are you.
Example: I am happy and so are you.
2.When a
compound verb (auxiliary +verb), for example, will go, should do, has done,
have written, must examine, etc., occurs in the main clause, the auxiliary of
the main verb is used in the simple statement, and the subject and verb must
agree.
Affirmative
statement (compound verb) + and + [ S + auxiliary only + too ]
Example:
Edward should do his homework and Bella should too.
Affirmative statement (compound verb) + and + [ so + auxiliary only + S ]
Affirmative statement (compound verb) + and + [ so + auxiliary only + S ]
Example:
Edward should do his homework and so does Bella.
3.When any
verb except be appears without any auxiliaries in the main clause, the
auxiliary do, does, or did is used in the simple statement. The subject and
verb must agree and the tense must be the same.
Affirmative
statement (single verb except be) + and + [ S + do, does ,or did + too ]
Example:
Jackson plays guitar every day and Jessica does too.
Affirmative statement (single verb except be) + and + [ so + do, does, or did + S ]
Example:
Affirmative statement (single verb except be) + and + [ so + do, does, or did + S ]
Example:
1. Mark
sung “moments” and so did Kevin.
2. We want to
buy a fountain, and she does too.
3. My
mother likes traveling, and so do their mother.
4. My
brother invites him to the party, and my sister does too.
5. They wrote a
good poem, and so did he.
6. Fred cooked fried
rice for his breakfast, and Tina did too.
Additional
Examples:
1. Rose likes to fly, and her brother does too.
1. Rose likes to fly, and her brother does too.
2. They will
leave at noon, and I will too.
3. He has an
early appointment, and so do I.
4. She has
already written her composition, and so have her friends.
5. Their
plane is arriving at nine o’clock, and so is mine.
6. I should
go grocery shopping this afternoon, and so should my neighbor.
7. We like
to swim in the pool, and they do too.
8. Our
Spanish teacher loves to travel, and so do we.
9. He has
lived in Mexico for five years, and you have too.
10. I must
write them a letter, and she must too.
Negative
Agreement
Hampir sama dengan penjelasan affirmative agreement di atas, neither dan either
memiliki arti yang sama yaitu: tidak keduanya, atau kedua-duanya tidak.
Untuk neither digunakan sebelum auxilliary verb, for example:
Untuk neither digunakan sebelum auxilliary verb, for example:
1. My
roommate won't go, and neither will I
2. My
roommate hasn't gone, and neither have I
3. My
roommate doesn't go, and neither do I
4. My
roommate isn't going, and neither am I
Dan
untuk either digunakan setelah auxilliary verb dan kata
"not", for example:
1. My
roommate won't go, and I won't(will not) either
2. My
roommate hasn't gone, and I haven't either
3. My
roommate doesn't go, and I don't either
4. My
roommate isn't going, and I am not either.
Hal lain
yang harus diperhatikan yaitu untuk pemakaian tobe dan auxilliaries setelah
kata "..and.." harus sesuai dengan tobe dan auxilliaries yang
digunakan di awal kalimat, seperti :
My wife is talking about it, and so am I
My wife is talking about it, and so am I
My
wife has talked about it, and I have too
My
roommate won't go, and neither will I
My
roommate doesn't go, and I don't either
Ex:
1. The
manager isn’t too happy with the project, and neither is his
assistant.
2. We can’t study
in the library, and he can’t either.
3. You didn’t pay
the taxes, and they didn’t either.
4. My
brother won’t accept my father’s decision, and my sister won’t
either.
5. He doesn’t know
the answer, and neither does she.
“Either” and
“neither” function in simple statements much like “so” and “too” in affirmative
sentences. However, either and neither are used to indicate negative agreement.
The same rules for auxiliaries, be and do, does, or did apply.
Negative
statement + and + [ S + negative auxiliary or be + either]
Negative statement + and + [ neither + positive auxiliary or be + S ]
Negative statement + and + [ neither + positive auxiliary or be + S ]
Examples:
I didn’t see Bella this morning. Edward didn’t see Bella this morning
I didn’t see Bella this morning. Edward didn’t see Bella this morning
I didn’t see
Bella this morning and Edward didn’t either.
I didn’t see
Bella this morning and neither did Edward.
Additional
examples:
1.The
students won’t accept the dean’s decision, and the faculty won’t either.
2. . The Yankees couldn’t play due
to the bad weather, and neither could the Angels.
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