Selasa, 27 Mei 2014

PRONOUNS, GERUND, INFINITIVE PHRASES, AFFIRMATIVE&NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

1. PRONOUNS
A.    Pengertian
            Pronoun atau kata ganti adalah kata-kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan orang atau benda. Ada 5 jenis kata ganti orang, yaitu yang berfungsi sebagai subject (Subject Pronouns), sebagai object (object pronoun), sebagai adjective (possessive adjectives), untuk menyatakan kepunyaan (possessive pronouns), dan untuk menyatakan refleksi diri (reflexive atau reciprocal pronouns). Pronoun umumnya menggantikan posisi noun yaitu sebagai subject, object ataupun complement.
B.  Fungsi
Fungsi pronoun: untuk menyebut sesuatu atau sesorang sebagai ganti kata benda yang sudah disebut dalam kalimat sebelumnya atau si pembicara dan pendengar sudah sama-sama mengetahui benda mana yang dimaksud. Bila tidak ada pronounkita harus mengulang kata atau frase benda berkali-kali
C.  Macam-macam Pronoun
1.      Personal Pronoun (kata ganti orang)
Personal pronoun adalah kata ganti yang menunjukkan pada orang atau penamaan. Kata ganti orang ini digunakan sebagai subjek dan objek. Tabel di bawah ini menyenaraikan penggunaan tersebut.
Subjek
Objek
Arti
I
You
She
He
It
We
They
Me
You
Her
Him
It
Us
Them
Saya, aku
Kamu, Anda, kalian
Dia (perempuan)
Dia (laki-laki)
Dia, itu, -nya
Kita, kami
Mereka
Ex:
·         Three days ago I met Ariel. Yesterday I met him again. (Tiga hari yang lalu saya bertemu Ariel. Kemarin saya bertemu dia lagi).
·         My sister bought a new handphoneShe loves it very much. (Saudara perempuan saya membeli sebuah handphone baru. Dia sangat menyukainya).
·         Sule borrowed three books from the library. He must return them in two days. (Sule meminjam tiga buku dari perpustakaan. Dia harus mengembalikannya dalam dua hari).
2.      Possessive Pronoun (kata ganti milik)
Possessive pronoun adalah kata yang menunjukkan kepemilikan. Ada dua bentuk possessive pronoun yaitu dependent (ditempatkan sebelum suatu kata benda) dan independent (ditempatkan setelah suatu kata kerja). Untuk lebih jelasnya, silakan Anda lihat tabel di bawah ini.
Dependent
Independent
My
Your
His
Her
Its
Our
Their
Mine
Your
His
Hers
Its
Ours
Theirs
Ex:
-This is my book. The book is mine. (Ini buku saya. Buku ini punya saya)
-This house is theirs. (Rumah ini milik mereka.)
-This is your pencil and those are hers. (Ini pensilmu dan itu punya dia).
3.      Reflexive Pronoun
Reflexive pronoun adalah kata ganti yang menunjuk kegiatan untuk pelaku sendiri dalam kalimat bersangkutan, atau memberi penekanan pada unsur subjek atau objek. Kata ganti ini mendapat akhiran –self untuk bentuk tunggal, dan akhiran –selves untuk bentuk jamak.
Perhatikan tabel di bawah ini.
Reflexive Pronoun
Arti
Myself
Yourself/yourselves
Themselves
Ourselves
Himself
Herself
Itself
Saya sendiri
Kamu sendiri/kalian sendiri
Mereka sendiri
Kami sendiri
Dia sendiri (laki-laki)
Dia sendiri (perempuan)
Dia sendiri (benda atau binatang)
Ex:
·         She laughed at herself. (Dia menertawakan dirinya sendiri)
·         He himself drives to school. (Dia sendiri yang menyetir ke sekolah).
·         I myself open the door. (Saya sendiri yang membuka pintu itu).

·         My father cooked this meal himself. (Ayah saya memasak makanannya sendiri).
2. INFINITIVES PHRASES
A. Pengertian
             Infinitives adalah bentuk dasar dari verbs. Dalam bahasa inggris, penulisan infinitives biasanya diawali dengan “to”. Misalnya : to read, to walk, to give, dan seterusnya.
Beberapa verb (kata kerja) lazim yang dapat diikuti oleh “infinitives” adalah sebagai berikut:
“hope to, plan to, advise to, command to, compel to, encourage to, intend to, decide to, promise to, agree to, offer to, refuse to, seem to, appear to, pretend to, ask to, expect to, would like to, want to, need to, forbid to, force to, beg to, instruct to, invite to, order to, etc”.
B. Penggunaan dari Infinitives :
1. Setelah be (is, am, are, was, were) untuk menyatakan keharusan.
Ex : The students are to do the school assignment.
2. Sebagai subject
Ex : To study hard makes us clever. ETC
C. INFINITIVE + VERB
RUMUS : Subject + Verb + to infinitive
Ex:
- He refused to go.
- I expect to pass the test.
- I hope to see you again. (Saya berharap bertemu kamu lagi)
- The driver was ordered to stop. (Pengemudi itu diperintahkan untuk berhenti)
- We’re going out for dinner. Would you like to join us?
D. ADJECTIVE + INFINITIVES
            Adjective adalah suatu kata sifat  yang digunakan untuk menerangkan noun atau pronoun yang dapat berupa: person (orang), place (tempat), animal (binatang), maupun thing (benda).
Jenis – jenis adjective :
1.      Adjective position
2.      Adjective order
3.      Adjective degree
4.      Adjective clause
RUMUS :
(kalimat) + Adjective + to infinitive
Ex : English is easy to learn
3. AFFIRMATIVE & NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
A. Pengertian
            Sebenarnya kata so, too, dan also mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu juga, pula, pun. Tapi dalam penggunaannya terdapat perbedaan, sodigunakan sebelum tobe(s) dan auxilliaries(kata bantu).
Example:
1. My wife will talk to him and so will I
2. My wife has talked about it, and so have I
3. My wife talked about it, and so did I
4. My wife is talking about it, and so am I
Sedangkan too dan also digunakan setelah tobe(s) dan auxilliaries.
Example:
1. My wife will talk to him and I will too
2. My wife has talked about it, and I have too
3. My wife talked about it, and I did also
4. My wife is talking about it, and I am also
            When indicating that one person or thing does something and then adding that another does the same, use the word “so” or “too”. To avoid needless repetition of words from the affirmative statement, use the conjunction “and”, followed by a simple statement using so or too. The order of this statement will depend on whether so or too is used.
Ex:
1.When a form of the verb be is used in the main clause, the same tense of verb be is used in the simple statement that follows.
Affirmative statement (be) + and + [ S + verb (be) + too]
Example: I am happy and you are too.
Affirmative statement (be) + and + [ so + verb (be) + S ]
Example: I am happy and so are you.
2.When a compound verb (auxiliary +verb), for example, will go, should do, has done, have written, must examine, etc., occurs in the main clause, the auxiliary of the main verb is used in the simple statement, and the subject and verb must agree.
Affirmative statement (compound verb) + and + [ S + auxiliary only + too ]
Example: Edward should do his homework and Bella should too.
Affirmative statement (compound verb) + and + [ so + auxiliary only + S ]
Example: Edward should do his homework and so does Bella.
3.When any verb except be appears without any auxiliaries in the main clause, the auxiliary do, does, or did is used in the simple statement. The subject and verb must agree and the tense must be the same.
Affirmative statement (single verb except be) + and + [ S + do, does ,or did + too ]
Example: Jackson plays guitar every day and Jessica does too.
Affirmative statement (single verb except be) + and + [ so + do, does, or did + S ]
Example:
1.        Mark sung “moments” and so did Kevin.
2.      We want to buy a fountain, and she does too.
3.      My mother likes traveling, and so do their mother.
4.      My brother invites him to the party, and my sister does too.
5.      They wrote a good poem, and so did he.
6.      Fred cooked fried rice for his breakfast, and Tina did too.
Additional
Examples:
1. Rose likes to fly, and her brother does too.
2. They will leave at noon, and I will too.
3. He has an early appointment, and so do I.
4. She has already written her composition, and so have her friends.
5. Their plane is arriving at nine o’clock, and so is mine.
6. I should go grocery shopping this afternoon, and so should my neighbor.
7. We like to swim in the pool, and they do too.
8. Our Spanish teacher loves to travel, and so do we.
9. He has lived in Mexico for five years, and you have too.
10. I must write them a letter, and she must too.
  
Negative Agreement
            Hampir sama dengan penjelasan affirmative agreement di atas, neither dan either memiliki arti yang sama yaitu: tidak keduanya, atau kedua-duanya tidak.
Untuk neither digunakan sebelum auxilliary verb, for example:
1. My roommate won't go, and neither will I
2. My roommate hasn't gone, and neither have I
3. My roommate doesn't go, and neither do I
4. My roommate isn't going, and neither am I
Dan untuk either digunakan setelah auxilliary verb dan kata "not", for example:
1. My roommate won't go, and I won't(will not) either
2. My roommate hasn't gone, and I haven't either 
3. My roommate doesn't go, and I don't either
4. My roommate isn't going, and I am not either.
Hal lain yang harus diperhatikan yaitu untuk pemakaian tobe dan auxilliaries setelah kata "..and.." harus sesuai dengan tobe dan auxilliaries yang digunakan di awal kalimat, seperti :
My wife is talking about it, and so am I
My wife has talked about it, and I have too
My roommate won't go, and neither will I
My roommate doesn't go, and I don't either
Ex:
1.      The manager isn’t too happy with the project, and neither is his assistant.
2.      We can’t study in the library, and he can’t either.
3.      You didn’t pay the taxes, and they didn’t either.
4.      My brother won’t accept my father’s decision, and my sister won’t either.
5.      He doesn’t know the answer, and neither does she.
“Either” and “neither” function in simple statements much like “so” and “too” in affirmative sentences. However, either and neither are used to indicate negative agreement. The same rules for auxiliaries, be and do, does, or did apply.
Negative statement + and + [ S + negative auxiliary or be + either]
Negative statement + and + [ neither + positive auxiliary or be + S ]
Examples:
I didn’t see Bella this morning. Edward didn’t see Bella this morning
I didn’t see Bella this morning and Edward didn’t either.
I didn’t see Bella this morning and neither did Edward.
Additional examples:
1.The students won’t accept the dean’s decision, and the faculty won’t either.
2. . The Yankees couldn’t play due to the bad weather, and neither could the Angels.

Tidak ada komentar:

Posting Komentar